Melanoma/Skin Cancer Overview

Skin cancers include melanoma, basal cell, and squamous cell. Basal and squamous cell are common and treatment is very effective. Malignant melanoma can be difficult to treat. Early diagnosis and treatment can increase the survival rate from melanoma.

Skin cancers involve abnormal cell changes in the outer layer of skin.

It is by far the most common cancer in the world, accounting for 75% of all cancer diagnoses. Most cases are cured, but the disease is a major health concern because it affects so many people. The incidence of skin cancer is rising, even though most cases could be prevented by limiting the skin’s exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Skin cancer is about three times more common in men than in women, and the risk increases with age. Most people diagnosed with skin cancer are between ages 45 and 54, although all forms of the disease are appearing more often in younger people. If you or any close relatives have had skin cancer, you are more likely to get the disease. Geography and race also factor into your chances of getting skin cancer, with the rate of skin cancer at its highest in places where fair-skinned Caucasians migrated from less sunny climes.

Every malignant skin tumor in time becomes visible on the skin’s surface, making skin cancer the only type of cancer that is almost always detectable in its early, curable stages. Prompt detection and treatment of skin cancer is equivalent to cure.

Skin cancer is often or usually caused by years of too much sun exposure. More than 90% of all skin cancers are found on body parts that get the most sun most of the time. The face, neck, ears, hands, and arms are common body parts that get skin cancer.

Skin cancer can often be prevented by avoiding overexposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays (UV rays). UV rays from artificial sources, such as tanning beds or sunlamps, are just as dangerous as those from the sun.

The three main types of skin cancer are basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer, and melanoma.

The ABCDE system is a guide to detect signs of skin cancer in moles or growths on the skin.

• Asymmetry. One half doesn’t match the other half.
• Border irregularity. The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.
• Color. The pigmentation is not uniform. Shades of tan, brown, and black are present. Dashes of red, white, and blue add to the mottled appearance. Changes in color distribution, especially the spread of color from the edge of a mole into the surrounding skin, also are an early sign of melanoma.
• Diameter. The mole or skin growth is larger than 6 mm (0.2 in.), or about the size of a pencil eraser. Any growth of a mole should be of concern.
• Evolution. There is a change in the size, shape, symptoms (such as itching or tenderness), surface (especially bleeding), or color of a mole.

Bladder cancer can often be successfully treated if found and treated early. Fortunately, most bladder cancer is found early.

The most common type of bladder cancer is called transitional cell cancer. This cancer starts in the inner layer of the bladder. It happens most often in people who are over 60 years old or older.

Experts don’t know what causes bladder cancer. But smoking cigarettes or being exposed to certain chemicals can raise your risk. Like other cancers, changes in cell DNA seem to play a role in bladder cancer as well.

Blood in the urine is the main symptom of bladder cancer. Other symptoms may include having to urinate often or feeling pain when you urinate.